Епідеміологія синдрому обструктивного апное сну (оглядова стаття)

V. Ganchuk; T. Kostiuk

doi:10.33295/1992-576X-2025-5-84

Authors

V. Ganchuk Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv Ukraine https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7545-0282
T. Kostiuk Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-5181

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33295/1992-576X-2025-5-84

Keywords:

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, orthodontics, airways, breathing disorders, dentofacial deformities, anomalies, orthodontic appliance, CPAP, MAD, apnea, snoring

Abstract

Abstract. Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) are a pathology that includes primary snoring, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, upper airway resistance syndrome, central apnea, and sleep-related hypoventilation. Clinically, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by loud snoring, sleep fragmentation, intermittent breathing, frequent awakenings due to suffocation, daytime sleepiness, morning hypertension, decreased blood oxygen levels, and morning headache. In general, about a billion people worldwide suffer from OSAS.
Episodes of hypoxia that occur every night during sleep lead to inevitable changes in the physical, physiological, and mental state of a person, starting from daytime drowsiness, irritability, and a feeling of chronic fatigue, and ending with complex disorders of the functioning of the cardiovascular system. In more complicated cases, OSA can lead to sudden cardiac arrest in sleep, strokes, as well as fatal consequences due to excessive drowsiness while driving, performing specialized tasks, etc.
Narrowing of the airway, distal occlusion, secondary defects of the distal group of teeth, narrowing of the jaws, incorrect position of the tongue, and position of the hyoid bone—these are all dental factors that can not only affect the quality of breathing during sleep but also be the causes of OSA. The role of the orthodontist, as a specialist who works with the upper airways, jaw position, and jaw size, is undeniable, both in the early detection of symptoms of sleep disorders, in particular OSA, and in the treatment of OSA manifestations. For this purpose, intraoral devices for repositioning the lower jaw in adults (MAD) are used (in collaboration with a somnologist), as well as devices for the treatment of existing occlusal pathology, which thereby affect the increase in airway width.
Objective: to analyze and evaluate available data on the prevalence of sleep disorders, in particular obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), the impact of existing sleep breathing disorders on the quality of life, and the effectiveness of the use of intraoral devices such as MAD in the treatment of patients with OSAS based on a study of global scientific sources recently, which identify the disadvantages and advantages of using MAD compared to CPAP in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and justify the need for the participation of an orthodontist in the diagnosis and treatment of OSAS.
Results and conclusions. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is one of the most common diseases and, at the same time, the most difficult to diagnose. The veiled symptoms of sleep disorders lead to irreversible cognitive, psychological, and physiological disorders. The etiology of sleep disorders is quite broad and includes, in addition to upper respiratory tract pathology, craniofacial anomalies and deformations such as retrognathia, narrowing of the jaws, lowering of the hyoid bone, and parafunction of the tongue. Three methods treat OSA: CPAP therapy, mandibular repositioning devices (MAD), and surgery. A separate block is orthodontic treatment, which can affect the increase in the volume of the respiratory tract. The role of orthodontic treatment and intraoral devices in advancing the lower jaw within the framework of OSA therapy underscores the need to raise orthodontists’ awareness of sleep-disordered breathing and to adopt an active role in diagnosing and treating OSA in collaboration with sleep therapists.

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